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新生兒黃疸怎么治療 中西治療方法大PK(3)

出處：媽媽育兒網(wǎng)日期：2015-12-19 16:08:53編輯：Chen

黃疸西醫(yī)治療方法

1.治療性試驗(yàn)

(1)激素治療試驗(yàn)：口服潑尼松(強(qiáng)地松)10～15mg，3次/d，共服5～7天，肝內(nèi)膽汁郁積者在治療后，血清膽紅素常較治療前降低40%～50%以上。而肝外膽汁郁積者則治療后膽紅素下降不明顯。但本試驗(yàn)有假陽(yáng)性或假陰性，故判斷結(jié)果時(shí)應(yīng)慎重。

(2)苯巴比妥治療試驗(yàn)：苯巴比妥對(duì)肝微粒體中葡萄糖醛酸轉(zhuǎn)移酶及肝細(xì)胞Na -K -ATP酶有誘導(dǎo)作用，及促進(jìn)膽汁的運(yùn)輸與排泄作用?？诜桨捅韧?0～60mg，3～4次/d，共服7天，對(duì)肝內(nèi)膽汁郁積有效。對(duì)其療效評(píng)估或判斷同強(qiáng)地松試驗(yàn)。

(3)熊去氧膽酸(UDCA)：熊去氧膽酸有刺激膽汁分泌，減少疏水性膽汁酸的潴留，有利于轉(zhuǎn)為親水性膽汁酸，從而減少細(xì)胞毒性，保護(hù)肝細(xì)胞，并使膽管上皮細(xì)胞免受疏水性膽汁酸的破壞，故可用于肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積的治療。熊去氧膽酸常用劑量為10mg/(kg·d)。如熊去氧膽酸聯(lián)合應(yīng)用甲潑尼龍(強(qiáng)的松龍)等藥物后，可明顯增強(qiáng)療效。

由于發(fā)生黃疸的原因很多，在分析、判斷時(shí)必須結(jié)合每一例患者的具體情況，例如，溶血性黃疸持續(xù)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)，患者持續(xù)貧血后，肝細(xì)胞可因缺血、缺氧而發(fā)生損害，此時(shí)就可能具備溶血性或肝細(xì)胞黃疸的共同特征;再例如，阻塞性黃疸持續(xù)時(shí)間過(guò)長(zhǎng)時(shí)，膽汁排泄功能嚴(yán)重受阻后必然會(huì)導(dǎo)致肝細(xì)胞受損，故此時(shí)也可表現(xiàn)為阻塞性與肝細(xì)胞性黃疸的共同特征。

雖然黃疸的鑒別方法很多，但是經(jīng)過(guò)詳細(xì)地詢問(wèn)病史和體格檢查，再結(jié)合一些必要的實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查，50%～70%的黃疸原因可獲得確診;如再經(jīng)過(guò)B超、CT或MRI或者膽管造影等檢查，確診率可提高到90%～95%。約有5%的患者需要作剖腹探查后始能明確診斷。最后還有不足5%的黃疸患者雖經(jīng)多種方法檢查，但還有可能成為原因不明者。

2.黃疸的治療原則 由于引起黃疸的病因甚多，因此在治療上主要應(yīng)針對(duì)病因，只有當(dāng)病因消除后，黃疸才能減輕或消退。黃疸的治療原則應(yīng)著重注意以下幾方面。

(1)如考慮黃疸系溶血所致，則應(yīng)積極消除引起溶血的病因。溶血嚴(yán)重者可適當(dāng)輸血治療。

(2)若黃疸系肝細(xì)胞變性、壞死所致者，應(yīng)積極進(jìn)行護(hù)肝治療，但由于多種護(hù)肝藥的療效并不確切，故只需選用1～2種，而不應(yīng)使用過(guò)多的護(hù)肝藥，否則還會(huì)加重肝臟的生理負(fù)擔(dān);如系中毒性肝炎所致，則可應(yīng)用還原型谷胱甘肽治療，以加速肝細(xì)胞的解毒功能。甘利欣、門冬氨酸鉀鎂等藥物是目前常用的減輕黃疸的藥物。某些中藥如茵梔黃、苦參或苦黃等藥物均有消炎、利膽及降黃作用，可酌情使用。

(3)如已明確肝外梗阻性黃疸系因膽道結(jié)石所致，則應(yīng)及時(shí)行十二指腸鏡下乳頭肌切開(kāi)取石術(shù)或行外科手術(shù)治療;如系癌性梗阻或膽管外新生物壓迫所致者，應(yīng)早期行手術(shù)治療。無(wú)手術(shù)治療適應(yīng)證時(shí)，為減輕癥狀，可行十二指腸鏡下放置鼻膽管引流，或經(jīng)十二指腸乳頭放置引流管、或經(jīng)皮肝內(nèi)擴(kuò)張膽管穿刺置入導(dǎo)管引流膽汁術(shù)。

(4)肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積的治療，除可應(yīng)用強(qiáng)地松或強(qiáng)地松龍或苯巴比妥、熊去氧膽酸等藥物治療外，如療效不理想，還可選用或加用。

①S-腺苷蛋氨酸(S-adenosylmethionine，SAMe)：商品名為思美泰。SAMe是一種含硫氨基酸衍生物，在肝細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)甲基化中起重要作用。膜磷脂SAMe依賴性甲基化可恢復(fù)肝臟膜結(jié)構(gòu)的流動(dòng)性和Na -K -ATP酶的活性，從而有利于加快膽汁酸的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)與排泄。由于肝病時(shí)內(nèi)源性SAMe合成減少，因此補(bǔ)充外源性SAMe對(duì)肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積有較好的治療作用。其常用劑量為1600mg，有口服和靜脈滴注兩種劑型。

②免疫抑制藥甲氨蝶呤(MTX)或硫唑嘌呤：對(duì)原發(fā)性肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積可能有效。

③環(huán)孢素(Cyclosporin)：可試用于因免疫反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致的肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積的治療，其主要作用是選擇性改變淋巴細(xì)胞功能，抑制淋巴細(xì)胞在抗原和分裂原刺激下的分化和增殖，抑制白介素-2的產(chǎn)生，抑制NK細(xì)胞的殺傷力。

④磷脂類藥物(如多烯磷脂酰膽堿)：有修復(fù)受損的肝細(xì)胞膜或促進(jìn)肝細(xì)胞再生的作用，常用于治療因肝細(xì)胞膜結(jié)構(gòu)受損所致的肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積。

⑤利福平：用于治療肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積，其作用機(jī)制不詳，有認(rèn)為利福平可改善肝細(xì)胞對(duì)膽汁酸的轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn)。但必須指出，由于利福平本身也可引起肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積，故不宜作為常規(guī)應(yīng)用。

(5)皮膚瘙癢的治療：肝外或肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積常導(dǎo)致皮膚瘙癢，傳統(tǒng)的觀點(diǎn)認(rèn)為瘙癢是由于膽汁酸對(duì)皮膚末梢神經(jīng)的刺激所致(即外周性致癢原)。近年來(lái)有研究指出瘙癢的發(fā)生機(jī)制可能是中樞性的，可能是類阿片激動(dòng)配體和阿片受體相互作用的結(jié)果，阿片注射的局部作用有組胺釋放、蕁麻疹和瘙癢。

還有研究認(rèn)為瘙癢可能與5-羥色胺有關(guān)，因?yàn)槟懼俜e后可影響阿片能神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)，從而引起其他神經(jīng)傳導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)的改變，特別是5-羥色胺系統(tǒng)，這種改變可能會(huì)引起瘙癢。

根據(jù)上述的觀點(diǎn)，對(duì)皮膚瘙癢可選擇或試用下列治療方法。

①根據(jù)外周性致癢原的觀點(diǎn)，可試用考來(lái)烯胺(消膽胺)、Cholestipol、陰離子交換樹脂及肝酶誘導(dǎo)劑[如苯巴比妥、利福平及氟美西諾(Flumecinol)等]，亦可行血液透析或血漿凈化治療;

②針對(duì)中樞性機(jī)制，可試用阿片受體拮抗藥納洛酮、nalmefene及納曲酮(naltrexone)或5-羥色胺受體拮抗藥昂丹司瓊(奧丹西酮)治療。必須指出，這些藥物的療效尚有待觀察，如療效不明顯時(shí)，不宜長(zhǎng)期應(yīng)用。

(6)肝外或肝內(nèi)膽汁淤積者應(yīng)積極補(bǔ)充脂溶性維生素。

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