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英語啟蒙有這些困惑？?jī)和瘜W(xué)英語常見問題回答

出處：網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集日期：2025-05-06 02:17:25編輯：胖虎愛撩妹
《兒童英語啟蒙》這本書的附錄寫了一些兒童英語學(xué)習(xí)常見的的問題，作者做了回答。這些問題可能是許多家長(zhǎng)會(huì)遇到的問題，因此摘錄如下，供參考。
 
問1太小的孩子學(xué)兩種語言會(huì)不會(huì)相互干擾，造成孩子開口遲的狀況?
 
答： 大腦天生就可以學(xué)多種語言。嬰兒可以聽到構(gòu)成世界所有語言的600個(gè)輔音和200個(gè)元音。對(duì)于兒童的雙語能力，以前認(rèn)可“抽屜理論”，就是把孩子的大腦看成一個(gè)“抽屜”，被一種語言塞滿了，再塞另一種語言，認(rèn)為學(xué)習(xí)多種語言會(huì)造成危害。受類似研究理論的影響，當(dāng)時(shí)對(duì)雙語兒童認(rèn)知的研究結(jié)果也是負(fù)面的，比如，雙語兒童的詞匯量小，準(zhǔn)確度低，反應(yīng)慢，等等。
 
而如今對(duì)大腦認(rèn)知的理論框架是強(qiáng)調(diào)“可塑性”，大腦神經(jīng)可以不斷地建立新連接，不斷地學(xué)習(xí)新內(nèi)容。相應(yīng)地，雙語學(xué)習(xí)對(duì)認(rèn)知能力有促進(jìn)作用的研究結(jié)果也多了起來“。已經(jīng)發(fā)現(xiàn)的好處包括(并不限于):雙語者更擅長(zhǎng)從不同角度看問題，更擅長(zhǎng)處理復(fù)雜的線索，剔除不相干的信息，語言功能更好，工作記憶更佳，等等。
 
 
問2 在兒童英語啟蒙時(shí)，該不該用中文進(jìn)行翻譯解釋?
 
答： 這是一個(gè)關(guān)于“翻譯”和“理解”的問題。
 
語言學(xué)習(xí)在語境中進(jìn)行最有效。這個(gè)“語境”是指語言發(fā)生的環(huán)境，可以來自語言(上下文)、圖像，以及身體動(dòng)作和表情等線索。而“學(xué)習(xí)”也分兩種:理解和運(yùn)用。如果孩子可以通過上下文理解個(gè)別的單詞，就不需要特別解釋和翻譯。如果孩子可以通過圖像或其他線索來理解，也不需要翻譯。
 
但如果是一些抽象的概念，使用母語很容易解釋，用其他方法費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力還講不清楚，就不妨用母語進(jìn)行翻譯。
 
學(xué)習(xí)外語也不需要排斥母語，把母語作為一種學(xué)習(xí)工具也是語言學(xué)習(xí)的策略之一。所以，可以根據(jù)學(xué)習(xí)的目的(理解或者使用)來決定方法。比如，在閱讀或觀看視頻的過程中，如果根據(jù)語境，孩子能明白故事在講什么，就不必一字一句地解釋。保持語言學(xué)習(xí)的節(jié)奏，讓它“流動(dòng)”而不是停滯，更有益。
 
 
問3母語兒童是怎么學(xué)會(huì)英語的?
 
答： 母語兒童的語言學(xué)習(xí)也有一個(gè)過程。比如，一個(gè)英國(guó)的女孩(3~4歲)在表達(dá)過去發(fā)生的事情時(shí)，所有動(dòng)詞的后面都加ed，如I goed to school。這個(gè)例子就說明:兒童先了解“過去式”這個(gè)概念，然后再逐漸掌握過去式的不規(guī)則變化。如何從goed變成went呢?需要大量的正確輸入，在說goed的時(shí)候得到糾正和反饋。
 
教育者要幫助兒童:1)意識(shí)到語言錯(cuò)誤;2)知道正確的語言形式是什么;3)有意識(shí)地避免錯(cuò)誤;4)堅(jiān)持使用正確的語言形式而最終內(nèi)化于心。
 
問4 兒童英語要不要學(xué)語法?怎么學(xué)?
 
答: 學(xué)習(xí)語法最好的方法也是要在語境中學(xué)習(xí)，不要孤立地記憶和背誦語法點(diǎn)。
 
檢驗(yàn)語法水平的最好方法是寫作，而不是做多項(xiàng)選擇題或是非題。
 
在學(xué)習(xí)過程中可以對(duì)寫作中的語法錯(cuò)誤進(jìn)行分類記錄，階段回顧;看錯(cuò)在什么地方，是時(shí)態(tài)、名詞單復(fù)數(shù)，還是動(dòng)詞和名詞的搭配。然后重點(diǎn)練習(xí)，也就是多讀、多看、多寫，不要怕犯錯(cuò)誤。
 
 
問5 如何看待母語和外語的關(guān)系?
 
答 母語的學(xué)習(xí)有益于外語學(xué)習(xí)。不需要以達(dá)到母語者的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)來要求孩子。
 
問6 語言習(xí)得和學(xué)習(xí)有什么區(qū)別?
 
答： 二語習(xí)得和二語學(xué)習(xí)在應(yīng)用語言學(xué)的理論上有區(qū)別和不同的定義。最常被引用的是Krashen(1988)對(duì)前者的定義:“語言習(xí)得不需要大量、有意識(shí)地使用語法規(guī)則，也不需要枯燥乏味的反復(fù)練習(xí)。語言習(xí)得需要使用目標(biāo)語言進(jìn)行有意義的互動(dòng)，即自然交流:在這種交流中，說話者關(guān)注的不是說話的形式，而是他們傳達(dá)和理解的信息。”
 
“二語習(xí)得”是無意識(shí)的，非正式的，不注重語法，并非刻意教授的。然而當(dāng)仔細(xì)分析中國(guó)兒童的英語啟蒙時(shí)，可以看到并不是完全的“習(xí)得”，而是更偏向“正式的學(xué)習(xí)”，一部分是因?yàn)橛⒄Z的環(huán)境還不是那么普遍，缺乏自然習(xí)得的環(huán)境。另一方面是在英語教育界,“習(xí)得”和“學(xué)習(xí)”是重合的，并沒有嚴(yán)格區(qū)分。
 
以上內(nèi)容摘自《兒童英語啟蒙》

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