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這些＂好習慣＂都是錯誤的嗎？

出處：媽媽育兒網(wǎng)日期：2016-03-12 10:33:05編輯：xixi

 孩子們平時的學習習慣相當重要，但孩子的學習效率就像過山車，忽高忽低。于是專家總是建議找一塊安靜的場所專供學習、讓孩子嚴格執(zhí)行作業(yè)計劃、明確目標并看到自己的能力所限、千萬不要把物質(zhì)獎勵和成績掛鉤……

這些建議得到廣泛支持，但最近幾年，隨著認知科學家們不斷逼近“效率”這一問題的核心，他們發(fā)現(xiàn)了和前面所提相抵觸的一些新做法。

▋學習就是要坐定？錯！

變換不同地點能優(yōu)化記憶效果

“我們知道這些結(jié)果有一段時間了，但我們不知道為什么學校沒有采納它們，連抱著試試看的心態(tài)的也沒有，”加州大學洛杉磯分校的Robert A. Bjork說，“我們現(xiàn)在還在將那些錯誤的號稱能提升學習效率的觀念信以為真。

▋窩在一個小角落？錯！

雜亂開闊的空間才是上上之選

而在所有流傳甚廣的好習慣中，最大的誤區(qū)是，強調(diào)學生找一個專門的學習點，諸如書房或圖書館一角，來完成工作。研究者的發(fā)現(xiàn)恰恰相反：在1978年一個經(jīng)典的實驗里，心理學家讓兩群大學生分別進入兩間房間，背下40個單詞——一間無窗且雜亂，另一間現(xiàn)代化且面朝庭院——這些學生比其他在正常教室里，或者圖書館的學生都要背得更好。

研究者說，大腦能將正在學習的東西與所處環(huán)境的感覺產(chǎn)生微妙聯(lián)系，這樣的感知不論是有意識的還是潛意識的總會進行。比如說，宿舍學習室的熒光燈光芒能把凡爾賽條約的條款照得富有色彩；窗簾下投影的小院垂柳把馬歇爾計劃分得條理清晰。強迫大腦將同樣的事物進行多重聯(lián)系讓信息變得更立體。

▋圖像學習刺激記憶？不一定

有人相信，一些人是“圖像學習者”，一些是“聽覺學習者”，一些是“左半腦”學生，另一些右半腦更發(fā)達……但心理科學雜志上的相關(guān)研究卻顯示，以上論調(diào)都沒什么證據(jù)。

一些杰出的教育家在黑板前率性發(fā)揮，講到動情處會手舞足蹈，另一些則采用傳統(tǒng)教學，有人認為，前者會更刺激孩子們吸收知識，但弗吉尼亞大學心理家、《為什么學生不喜歡學?！纷髡逥anniel T. Willingham卻提醒我們：我們還沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)能創(chuàng)造出良好學習氛圍的老師之間的共性。

▋反復練習一個東西？錯！

交替練習的印象更深刻

這樣做的好處在一些領(lǐng)域是顯著的。在一項最近發(fā)表在應用認知心理學雜志的研究中，南佛羅里達大學的Doug Rihrer和Kelli Taylor，在教一組四年級學生四個方程，分別計算棱柱體的不同參數(shù)，題目諸如給定底面邊數(shù)計算棱柱體面數(shù)。一半的孩子在一種例題基礎(chǔ)上反復做題，然后才做下一類題目。另一半孩子要做混合的習題，也就是四種計算題一起當例題。整個過程中孩子們都解完相同題目。

過了一天，研究人員給孩子們進行測試同樣類型的新題目。混合學習的學生得分比專項學習的學生高了一倍，具體為高77%到38%。這一現(xiàn)象在成年人和小朋友身上都有體現(xiàn)。

當學生看見一組同樣的問題，不用讀題，他們就知道該用什么方法做，”Rohrer教授說“那就像騎的腳踏車帶安全輪。”他還補充道：“而當面對混合題目時，每題都和上面一題有所不同，這也就是說孩子們必須選擇合適的方法解題，這就像做一份真正的試卷。”

▋死記硬背下一個知識點？錯！

背了就忘，然后再背效果最好

之前普遍認為，精通一門工作的最好辦法就是大量的反復練習，而現(xiàn)在的發(fā)現(xiàn)完全摧毀了這種假設(shè)。雖然認知科學家沒有否認純填鴨式的學習也能在考試中獲得高分，但倉促間填滿的大腦就像急急被塞滿的廉價手提箱，許多學生突擊學習后發(fā)現(xiàn)最后記得東西可以在大腦里停留一會兒，但絕大部分都無影無蹤。

許多學生考試之后不是回憶不起之前學習的內(nèi)容，”華盛頓大學的Henry L. Roediger說，他們完全像是從來沒見過那些東西一樣。

當我們神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)像手提箱一樣被仔細而又漸進的裝載，它能記住里面的內(nèi)容很長一段時間。今晚學一個小時，周末學一個小時，下周再這么重復一次——我們把這個稱為間隔學習，在不要求學生付出更多努力或更多注意力的情況下，這能讓日后更容易的回想起今天所學。

沒人能斷言這背后的原因?？赡艽竽X在復習時會在加深理解前先重學一遍之前已吸收的知識，這個就是自我加深印象的過程。

也就是說遺忘是學習之友，”Kornell博士說，“當你忘記一些東西時我們就有機會能再學一下，下次你再見到曾遺忘的知識，你還會卓有效率的加深印象。

但這不是說以上的技巧——變換學習環(huán)境，混合學習時能接收的信息，間隔學習時間，自我測試等等，能把一個超一流懶鬼變成超一流學生。這當然需要進取心的作用。

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