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當(dāng)今社會(huì)，自閉癥為什么越來(lái)越多了？

出處：@杜佳楣講孤獨(dú)癥日期：2024-08-19 05:51:51編輯：網(wǎng)絡(luò)收集

“現(xiàn)在怎么越來(lái)越多自閉癥呢？”這是許多家長(zhǎng)或老師很常皺緊眉頭提出的問(wèn)題。

自閉癥的患病率在21世紀(jì)以來(lái)，的確有較大幅度的提高。在對(duì)這種疾病認(rèn)識(shí)充分的發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家中，最近兩年的患病率穩(wěn)定在兒童人群的1/68左右。如果以這個(gè)患病率來(lái)考量，自閉癥確實(shí)不再是罕見(jiàn)病，而已經(jīng)成為比較常見(jiàn)的疾病了。

自閉癥是與生俱來(lái)的神經(jīng)發(fā)展障礙，目前還沒(méi)有研究可以完全厘清自閉癥的病因，只能說(shuō)自閉癥跟基因和環(huán)境都有關(guān)系。

而關(guān)于自閉癥的發(fā)生率，中國(guó)目前還沒(méi)有可參考的官方數(shù)據(jù)，但的確被診斷出有自閉癥的案例逐年增加了，這是為什么呢？

01

診斷技術(shù)進(jìn)步，診斷意識(shí)增加

我們國(guó)家先后有局部地區(qū)的流行病學(xué)調(diào)查和部分全國(guó)的抽樣調(diào)查，這些流行病學(xué)調(diào)查的數(shù)據(jù)顯示，自閉癥患病率要低于發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家水平，但這很可能跟我們對(duì)自閉癥的認(rèn)識(shí)和發(fā)現(xiàn)、診斷水平仍有待提高有關(guān)。即便如此，自閉癥相關(guān)的臨床專業(yè)人員們估計(jì)認(rèn)為，我們國(guó)家兒童人群自閉癥患病率也應(yīng)該在1%左右。

也許自閉癥的發(fā)生率其實(shí)并沒(méi)有真的增加，自閉癥的孩子也許也沒(méi)有因?yàn)槟甏牟煌兊枚嗔耍赡苤皇菄?guó)內(nèi)醫(yī)學(xué)在這方面的研究和了解變多，診斷的技術(shù)也進(jìn)步了。

以前的人們并沒(méi)有這么重視兒童的自閉癥，同時(shí)在兒童病發(fā)之后，家長(zhǎng)也不了解這屬于自閉癥，隨著自閉癥概念的普及，越來(lái)越多的家長(zhǎng)了解到了自閉癥的含義與危害，于是現(xiàn)在送到醫(yī)院來(lái)做ASD檢查的兒童越來(lái)越多，這也導(dǎo)致看上去自閉癥兒童的概率有了大幅度提升。

02

網(wǎng)絡(luò)信息的發(fā)達(dá)

信息的發(fā)達(dá)，促使我們了解到更多關(guān)于自閉癥兒童的信息，讓我們有種“到處都是自閉癥孩子”的感覺(jué)；而在20年前，我們國(guó)內(nèi)才剛剛引進(jìn)“自閉癥”的病癥，普通民眾對(duì)自閉癥知之甚少，信息等于0，即使身邊有自閉癥兒童，我們也不知道那是自閉癥。

所以，現(xiàn)代信息的發(fā)達(dá)，一方面增加了我們對(duì)自閉癥的認(rèn)識(shí)，另一方面也增加了我們對(duì)自閉癥兒童數(shù)量的誤解。

03

環(huán)境污染、生活壓力

現(xiàn)在的環(huán)境對(duì)家長(zhǎng)和孩子都造成了很大的影響，無(wú)論是外在的環(huán)境還是內(nèi)在的環(huán)境。

想想現(xiàn)在的生活，多少人為了跟上城市的步調(diào)，每天作息不正常，吃飯也不規(guī)律的。壓力這么大的情況下，也許有些媽媽在剛懷孕的時(shí)候根本沒(méi)能吃好睡好，而懷孕初期的那三個(gè)月卻又恰恰好是孩子正在發(fā)育大腦的黃金期，我們誰(shuí)也不能保證這段時(shí)間的壓力和營(yíng)養(yǎng)不均衡對(duì)孩子的發(fā)展完全沒(méi)有影響。

內(nèi)在環(huán)境充滿壓力的情況下，外在環(huán)境卻又充斥著許多污染物，食物里可能有洗不凈的重金屬，空氣里可能有濾不盡的懸浮物，互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)達(dá)的現(xiàn)在可能處處都有防不了的輻射線。有些孩子剛出生時(shí)可能就已經(jīng)帶有隱性的基因，但經(jīng)過(guò)環(huán)境的刺激也可能就誘發(fā)出自閉癥的特質(zhì)了。

04

孩子缺少娛樂(lè)和互動(dòng)經(jīng)驗(yàn)

以前的孩子每天都有很充足的時(shí)間，可以跟差不多年齡的孩子膩在一起，玩很多的游戲，跳皮筋、爬樹(shù)、踩影子等等，這些在我們小時(shí)候看來(lái)稀松平常的活動(dòng)，在現(xiàn)在看來(lái)竟然都是能對(duì)成長(zhǎng)帶來(lái)幫助的大功臣，不知不覺(jué)地提升了我們的動(dòng)作協(xié)調(diào)、感覺(jué)統(tǒng)合、精細(xì)動(dòng)作，甚至是與別人一起互動(dòng)的社會(huì)性。

我常在想也許以前的確也有不少發(fā)育遲緩或互動(dòng)能力不好的孩子，只是以前的孩子擁有自在玩樂(lè)的環(huán)境和機(jī)會(huì)，大家常常都聚在一起玩，也許自然而然地就不再有那么多適應(yīng)不良的問(wèn)題了。所以搞不好以前的那些游戲，確實(shí)成就了不少能力沒(méi)那么好的孩子，也長(zhǎng)成了現(xiàn)在跟得上社會(huì)變遷的大人們。

有些孩子也許本來(lái)互動(dòng)能力就沒(méi)那么好，而因?yàn)檎麄€(gè)大環(huán)境能提供的練習(xí)機(jī)會(huì)又不多，以至于孩子沒(méi)有那么多機(jī)會(huì)可以去練習(xí)那些在我們以前看來(lái)很自然就該要會(huì)的能力了。

大環(huán)境不能提供的刺激，只能透過(guò)家長(zhǎng)的刻意安排才能讓孩子擁有機(jī)會(huì)去練習(xí)這些基本的能力，然而在我看來(lái)這些刻意的安排，永遠(yuǎn)都比不上自然情境中的那些游戲，畢竟自然情境中孩子能擁有更高的動(dòng)機(jī)和學(xué)習(xí)的彈性。

05

自閉癥沒(méi)有治愈，只有新增

因?yàn)橐恢闭也坏阶蚤]癥的確切病因，而且也不像其他疾病有藥物治療，所以自閉癥只有慢慢康復(fù)，好一些的情況就能康復(fù)到正常人水平。但盡管這樣也不能判定是被治愈的，因?yàn)樗麄兓蚨嗷蛏俣紩?huì)伴有某些不足，這也是一個(gè)世界難題。

自閉癥群體就像是一個(gè)沒(méi)有出口的蓄水池，源源不斷地有水流進(jìn)來(lái)，卻很少有流出去的，所以水池的水就越積越多。

這也是為什么我們感覺(jué)現(xiàn)在身邊的自閉癥患者越來(lái)越多的原因之一。

盡管現(xiàn)在還沒(méi)有找到準(zhǔn)確的病因，沒(méi)有治愈方式，但是自閉癥并不可怕，也沒(méi)有什么可以稀奇的，希望社會(huì)大眾了解認(rèn)識(shí)自閉癥群體，不要有太多偏見(jiàn)。

另外專業(yè)的干預(yù)引導(dǎo)是目前最有效的康復(fù)方式之一，家長(zhǎng)一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)孩子有發(fā)育異常，不要掉以輕心，及時(shí)去專業(yè)醫(yī)院進(jìn)行評(píng)估篩查 ，積極治療。

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