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影響孩子一生的36種好習慣(2)

出處：媽媽育兒網(wǎng)日期：2010-06-26 14:08:57編輯：admin

著名的教育家葉圣陶曾說過：“什么是教育？簡單一句話，就是養(yǎng)成良好的習慣。” 葉圣陶認為，教育的目的就是培養(yǎng)習慣。他說：“我們在學校里受教育，目的在養(yǎng)成習慣，增強能力。我們離開了學校，仍然要從多方面受教育，并且要自我教育，其目的還是在養(yǎng)成習慣，增強能力。習慣越自然越好，能力越增強越好。”葉圣陶先生非常重視少年兒童良好習慣的培養(yǎng)。20世紀40年代，葉圣陶先生就提出了“教育就是養(yǎng)成良好的行為習慣”這個理念，并專門寫了《習慣成自然》和《兩種習慣養(yǎng)成不得》等文章。

陶行知認為，兒童期是人格和習慣形成的最佳時期。他在《創(chuàng)設鄉(xiāng)村幼稚園宣言書》一文中寫道：“從福祿倍爾發(fā)明幼兒園以來，世人漸漸地覺得幼兒教育之重要；從蒙臺梭利畢生研究幼兒教育以來，世人漸漸覺得幼稚園之效力；從小學注意比較家庭送來的與幼稚園升來的學生性質(zhì)，世人乃漸漸覺得幼兒教育實為人生之基，不可不趁早給他建立得穩(wěn)。兒童學者告訴我們凡人生所需之重要習慣、傾向、態(tài)度多半可以在六歲以前培養(yǎng)成功。換句話說，六歲以前是人格陶冶最重要的時期。這個時期培養(yǎng)得好，以后只要順其自然，自然成為社會的優(yōu)良分子；倘使培養(yǎng)得不好，那么，習慣成了不易改，傾向定了不易移，態(tài)度決了不易變。”

那么，怎樣培養(yǎng)孩子的良好習慣呢？

一、好習慣要在生活中培養(yǎng)

日本教育家福澤諭吉說：“家庭是習慣的學校，父母是習慣的老師。”事實正是如此，孩子習慣的養(yǎng)成主要在家里，父母應該注重在生活中培養(yǎng)孩子的各種良好習慣。

陶行知先生認為，各種知識和技能學習最好在生活中進行，習慣培養(yǎng)更應該如此。他在《生活教育》一文中寫道：“生活教育是生活所原有，生活所自營，生活所必需的教育。教育的根本意義是生活之變化，生活無時不變，即生活無時不含有教育的意義。因此，我們說‘生活即教育’，到處是生活，即到處是教育；整個社會是生活的場所，亦即教育之場所……生活教育與生俱來，與生同去。出世便是破蒙，進棺材才算畢業(yè)……隨手抓來，都是活書，都是學問，都是本領……自有人類以來，社會即是學校，生活即是教育。”

德國哲學家康德從小就在父親的教育下養(yǎng)成了嚴謹?shù)纳盍晳T。據(jù)說，他每天散步要經(jīng)過鎮(zhèn)上的噴泉，而每次他經(jīng)過噴泉的時候，時間肯定指向上午七點。這種有條不紊的作風正是哲學家嚴密思維的根源。可見，良好的生活習慣對于一個人的成功起著積極的作用。

家庭是孩子成長的第一環(huán)境，是孩子習慣形成的搖籃，6歲前的兒童主要生活在家庭中，家庭生活對孩子的影響是非常重要的。

二、好習慣要在實踐中培養(yǎng)

在實踐中養(yǎng)成習慣，要不斷身體力行，使習慣成自然。陶行知先生的生活教育理論非常重視在做中學。因此，他主張在做中養(yǎng)成習慣，即在實踐中養(yǎng)成習慣。他在《教育的新生》一文中寫道：“我們所提出的是：行是知之始，知是行之成。行動是老子，知識是兒子，創(chuàng)造是孫子。有行動之勇敢，才有真知的收獲。”

葉圣陶先生也認為，要養(yǎng)成某種好習慣，要隨時隨地加以注意，身體力行、躬行實踐，才能“習慣成自然”，收到相當?shù)男Ч?/p>

什么是“習慣成自然”呢？

葉圣陶是這樣解釋的：“成自然就是不必故意費什么心，仿佛本來就是那樣的意思。”他舉例道：“走路和說話是我們最需要的兩種基本能力。這兩種能力的形成是因為我們從小就習慣了，‘成自然’了；無論哪一種能力，要達到習慣成自然的地步，才算我們有了那種能力。如果不達到習慣成自然的程度，只是勉勉強強地做一做，就說明我們還不具有那種能力。”

“通常說某人能力不強，就是說某人沒有養(yǎng)成多少習慣的意思。比如說張三記憶力不強，就是張三沒有把看見的、聽見的一些事物好好記住的習慣。說李四表達能力不好，就是說李四沒有把自己的思想和感情說出來的習慣。因此，習慣養(yǎng)成得越多，那個人的能力就越強。做人做事，需要種種能力，所以最要緊的是養(yǎng)成種種的習慣。” 良好學習習慣形成的過程，是嚴格訓練、反復強化的結(jié)果。

三、要抓住教育的關鍵期

研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，孩子習慣的養(yǎng)成有一個關鍵期的問題。幼兒園和小學是培養(yǎng)生活習慣與學習習慣的關鍵期，而到了中學，就是改造習慣時期了。

在兒童時期養(yǎng)成的良好習慣，孩子可以受益終身；在兒童時期養(yǎng)成了壞習慣，就有可能終身受到傷害。因此，在養(yǎng)成習慣的過程中，一定要注意利用兒童的關鍵期。如果錯過關鍵期，對習慣的改造將要比塑造艱難得多。抓住關鍵期進行習慣的培養(yǎng)，可以取得很好的效果。下表是一些兒童習慣養(yǎng)成的關鍵期。年齡2歲

3歲3歲半4歲4歲半5歲5歲半6歲習慣計數(shù)能力規(guī)則意識觀察力語言能力交際能力生活觀念思維能力創(chuàng)造能力

要使孩子養(yǎng)成一種好習慣，父母一定要注意孩子第一次出現(xiàn)的行為。例如，孩子第一次罵人的時候，他并不是道德驅(qū)使，而是覺得好玩。這時候，孩子會觀察父母或其他成人對自己行為的反應。如果成人的態(tài)度是冷淡的、嚴肅的，孩子就會明白：“大人不喜歡我的這種行為。”由此，他會減少這種行為。如果這時有成人對孩子的行為表現(xiàn)出贊揚、夸獎或者高興地笑等反應，孩子就會覺得自己的行為是受到成人喜歡的，由此，他會增加這種行為出現(xiàn)的頻率，從而養(yǎng)成不良的習慣。因此，父母一定要注意抓住教育的關鍵期來教育孩子。

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